View source for 2.1.4 Image, Audio, and Video Representation (Basic)

Okay, let's explore how computers handle the fun stuff – pictures, music, and movies! It all comes down to turning those sights and sounds into the computer's secret language of 0s and 1s.

=== 2.1.4 Image, Audio, and Video Representation: Bringing Sights and Sounds to Life! ===
You've learned that computers understand text by giving each letter a number. But how do they "see" a photograph, "hear" a song, or "watch" a video? It's all about breaking these things down into tiny pieces and turning each piece into binary numbers.

==== How Computers "See" Images ====
Imagine looking at a picture through a magnifying glass. You'd see tiny dots of color, right? That's exactly how computers represent images!

* '''Pixels:''' Every digital image is made up of millions of tiny colored squares called '''pixels''' (short for "picture elements"). Think of a pixel as the smallest dot of color on your screen. The more pixels an image has, the more detailed and clear it looks.
* '''Colors as Numbers:''' Each pixel is assigned a number (or a set of numbers) that tells the computer exactly what color it should be.
** For example, in a simple black and white image, a pixel might be '0' for black and '1' for white.
** For colorful images, colors are usually made by mixing different amounts of red, green, and blue light (called '''RGB'''). So, a single pixel might have three numbers: one for its red amount, one for its green, and one for its blue. These numbers are then converted into binary.
* '''Resolution:''' The '''resolution''' of an image tells you how many pixels it has (e.g., 1920 pixels wide by 1080 pixels tall). A higher resolution means more pixels, which results in a sharper and more detailed picture, but also a larger file size (more 0s and 1s to store!).

So, when your computer displays a photo, it's quickly reading the color number for each tiny pixel and lighting up those millions of dots on your screen with the correct color!

==== How Computers "Hear" Audio ====
Sound is actually waves of vibrations traveling through the air. How does a computer turn those wavy vibrations into digital information?

* '''Sampling:''' Computers take tiny "snapshots" of the sound wave many thousands of times per second. This process is called '''sampling'''. Imagine taking a picture of a swing as it goes back and forth – the more pictures you take per second, the more accurately you can see its smooth motion.
* '''Sample Rate:''' The number of snapshots taken per second is called the '''sample rate'''. A higher sample rate means the computer takes more snapshots, capturing more detail of the original sound wave, which results in higher quality audio (but a larger file).
* '''Bit Depth:''' For each snapshot, the computer measures the sound wave's height (or loudness) and gives it a number. The '''bit depth''' determines how accurately that height is measured. A higher bit depth means more possible numbers for loudness, leading to a richer and more accurate sound (but again, a larger file).
* '''Binary Storage:''' All these numbers for each snapshot (loudness and pitch over time) are then converted into binary (0s and 1s) and stored. When you play the audio, the computer reads these binary numbers and reconstructs the sound waves, sending them to your speakers.

That's why a high-quality song file takes up more space than a low-quality one – it has more "snapshots" and more detailed measurements for each snapshot!

==== How Computers "Watch" Video ====
Video is really just a combination of the two concepts we just talked about: images and audio, played together very, very quickly!

* '''Frames:''' A video is essentially a rapid sequence of many still images, called '''frames'''. Each frame is just like a regular digital image, made up of pixels and color information.
* '''Frames Per Second (FPS):''' When these frames are played one after another at a very fast speed (like 24, 30, or 60 frames per second), our eyes are tricked into seeing smooth, continuous motion. This speed is called '''frames per second (FPS)'''. The higher the FPS, the smoother the motion appears.
* '''Combined Data:''' A video file contains all the individual image frames, ''plus'' the synchronized audio data that goes along with it.
* '''Compression:''' Because video files can be enormous (think of how many images are in just one minute of video!), computers use special techniques called '''compression''' to make them smaller. Compression removes repetitive information without losing too much quality, allowing us to store and stream videos more easily.

So, whether it's a vibrant photo, a catchy song, or an exciting movie, computers break down these experiences into simple numerical patterns of 0s and 1s, store them, and then quickly piece them back together for us to enjoy!
----

=== Bibliography ===

* '''General Data Representation (Images, Audio, Video):'''
** "Data Representation: Images and Sound" from Carnegie Mellon University (andrew.cmu.edu). https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/nbier/15110/lectures/lec15a_sound_video.pdf
** "Representation of digital media in computers" from FutureLearn. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/introduction-to-digital-media/0/steps/428684
* '''Images:'''
** "How Are Images Stored on Computers?" from Techopedia. https://www.techopedia.com/how-are-images-stored-on-computers
** "What is a Pixel?" from Computer Hope. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pixel.htm
* '''Audio:'''
** "How does a computer represent sound?" from BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcpcjx/revision/2
** "How Sound Is Stored and Transferred Digitally" from LiveAbout. https://www.liveabout.com/how-is-digital-audio-stored-2438692
* '''Video:'''
** "How do computers represent video?" from BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcpcjx/revision/3
** "What are FPS (Frames Per Second)?" from Wistia. https://wistia.com/learn/production/what-is-fps