View source for 5.3.1 I/O Devices and Controllers

=== 5.3.1 I/O Devices and Controllers ===
When we talk about Input/Output, we're really talking about two main things: the devices themselves and the special helpers that let them talk to the CPU.

'''I/O Devices''' are the physical gadgets you use to put information into your computer or get information out. You use them every day!

* '''Input Devices:'''
** '''Keyboard:''' For typing words and numbers.
** '''Mouse/Trackpad:''' For pointing, clicking, and moving things on the screen.
** '''Microphone:''' For recording your voice.
** '''Webcam:''' For taking pictures and videos.
** '''Scanner:''' For turning paper documents into digital files.
* '''Output Devices:'''
** '''Monitor/Screen:''' For showing you images and text.
** '''Speakers/Headphones:''' For playing sounds and music.
** '''Printer:''' For putting digital documents onto paper.
** '''Projector:''' For displaying images on a large screen or wall.

Now, imagine these devices trying to talk directly to the CPU. It would be like trying to speak to someone who only understands a very specific, complicated computer language, while you only speak in mouse clicks or keyboard presses! That's why we need '''I/O Controllers'''.

An '''I/O Controller''' (sometimes called a device controller or adapter) is like a special translator or an interpreter. It's a small electronic circuit or chip that sits between the CPU and an I/O device. Its job is to:

# '''Translate:''' Take the signals from the I/O device (like a key press) and translate them into a language the CPU understands.
# '''Manage:''' Control the flow of data between the device and the computer's memory.
# '''Handle Basic Operations:''' Perform simple tasks for the device, so the CPU doesn't have to worry about every tiny detail.

Every different type of I/O device (keyboard, mouse, hard drive, network card) usually has its own dedicated controller. These controllers make sure that data moves smoothly and correctly between the powerful CPU and the many different devices connected to your computer.

==== Bibliography for 5.3.1 I/O Devices and Controllers ====

* '''I/O Devices:'''
** GeeksForGeeks. "Input and Output Devices." ''GeeksForGeeks.org'', https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-science-fundamentals/input-and-output-devices/
** BYJU'S. "Input and Output Devices - Computer Fundamentals." ''BYJU'S.com'', https://byjus.com/govt-exams/input-output-devices/
* '''I/O Controllers:'''
** GeeksforGeeks. "I/O Interface." ''GeeksforGeeks.org'', https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-architecture/introduction-to-input-output-interface/